Pregnancy (antiphospholipid syndrome during)

These include:

• early miscarriage - prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in women with at least three first trimester miscarriages ranges from 14 - 42%
• later fetal loss - in cases where the fetus is growth retarded, the placenta is often small with multiple infarcts and calcification, and the mother may have experienced early pregnancy induced hypertension. Cases in which intrauterine growth is normal often are associated with a normal sized placenta, no evidence of infarction, but with a failure of trophoblastic invasion of the spiral arterioles similar to that in pre-eclampsia
• placental abruption
• puerperial morbidity - cerebral infarction, pulmonary embolism, transient monocular blindness, amnesia
• untreated antiphospholipid syndrome leads to less than 20% of pregnancies resulting in a live birth