genetic predisposition - about 70% of affected children have a first-degree relative who was enuretic - linkage studies have localised a genetic predisposition to this condition to chromosome 13q (1)
urinary tract infection - about 5% of enuretic children have urinary infections, compared with 1% of other children of comparable age. The relationship is not necessarily causal; persistent enuresis may predispose to an ascending infection
bladder capacity - may be smaller than normal. Constipation or cystitis also may lead to reduced bladder capacity (2)
stress - enuresis sometimes worsens or starts after a stressful event
polyuria may be the result of:
diabetes mellitus
diabetes insipidus
chronic renal failure
structural urinary tract abnormalities:
ectopic ureter
ectopia vesicae
urethral valves
epispadias
neurogenic bladder:
meningomyelocoele
spinal dysraphism
spinal cord tumour
impaired nighttime arousal due to sleep-disordered breathing
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