Indications
These include:
- large stones:
- calculi less than 0.4 cm usually pass spontaneously and can, in some cases, be observed
- 50% of calculi between 0.4 cm and 0.6 cm pass spontaneously; intervention may be required
- less than 10% of stones greater then 0.6 cm pass spontaneously; intervention is often necessary
- infection above the site of obstruction
- failure of conservative treatment
- evidence of renal impairment e.g. rising creatinine
- presence of anatomical abnormalities which predispose to stone formation
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