Analgesia

Analgesia means literally without pain. In medicine it is used to describe the methods used to reduce pain without the loss of consciousness, most frequently drug-related. However, a variety of techniques can be used to relieve pain:

• prevention, e.g. pre-emptive analgesia
• treat primary cause, e.g. surgery
• inhibit the peripheral generation of pain signals, e.g. NSAIDs
• inhibit peripheral neural transmission, e.g. local anaesthetic
• stimulate inhibitory mechanisms in the spinal cord, e.g. acupuncture
• inhibit ascending transmission in the spinal cord, e.g. anterolateral cordotomy
• stimulate supraspinal inhibitory pathways, e.g. opioids
• change the emotional content of pain, e.g. psychotropic drugs
• alter behavioural response to pain, e.g. conditioning

Broadly speaking analgesic drugs may be subdivided according to their strengths into mild, moderate and potent.