Aetiology
Unilateral:
- lumen:
- calculi
- calculi
- wall:
- ureterocoele
- stricture
- malignancy
- external:
- blood vessel
- lymphadenopathy
Bilateral:
- congenital:
- strictures
- valves
- acquired:
- bladder neck hypertrophy
- prostatic hypertrophy or malignancy
- urethral stricture
- phimosis
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