The full standard pathway of gluconeogenesis from pyruvate to glucose is:
- pyruvate carboxylase, within the mitochondrion, converts pyruvate into oxaloacetate
- the malate-aspartate carrier system transfers oxaloacetate out of the mitochondrion to the cytoplasm
- phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase converts oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate
- enolase converts phosphoenolpyruvate to 2-phosphoglycerate
- phosphoglycerol mutase converts 2-phosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate
- phosphoglycerate kinase converts 3-phosphogylcerate to 3-phosphoglyceroyl phosphate
- glyceraldehyde phosphate isomerase converts 3-phosphoglyceroyl phosphate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
- fructose biphosphate aldolase converts glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate into fructose-1,6-biphosphate
- fructose-1,6-biphosphatase converts fructose-1,6-biphosphate into fructose-6-phosphate
- glucose-6-phosphate isomerase converts fructose-6-phosphate into glucose-6-phosphate
- glucose-6-phosphatase converts glucose-6-phosphate into glucose
Individual enzymes and their regulation is considered in the submenu, as is the entry into gluconeogenesis of a number of precursors.