Impaired testosterone action and testosterone deficiency (TD)
Impaired testosterone action
TD may be a consequence of impaired testosterone action,
- resulting from decreased bioavailability of the hormone (high levels of sex hormone binding globulin reduce bioavailable testosterone),1
- or reduced androgen activity (following androgen receptor alterations).1,2
References
- 1. Khera M, Adaikan G, Buvat J, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Testosterone Deficiency: Recommendations From the Fourth International Consultation for Sexual Medicine (ICSM 2015). J Sex Med 2016;13:1787-1804.
- 2. Liu CC, Lee YC, Wang CJ, et al. The impact of androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism on andropausal symptoms in different serum testosterone levels. J Sex Med 2012;9:2429-2437.
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