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Systemic features of COPD

Authoring team

There are several extra pulmonary effects associated with COPD:

  • cachexia
  • skeletal muscle wasting
  • increased risk of cardiovascular disease
  • normochromic normocytic anaemia
  • osteoporosis
  • depression
  • secondary polycythemia

Systemic inflammation together with skeletal muscle wasting causes limitations in the exercise capacity of patients and worsens prognosis (regardless of the degree of airflow obstruction) (1).

Reference:

  • 1. Currie, G.P. (Ed.) (2011) ABC of COPD. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing

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