Aetiology with respect to frequency
Commonest cause:
- urinary tract infection
also common:
- renal tract stones
Less common causes:
- renal trauma and infarction
- benign prostatic hypertrophy
- benign microscopic haematuria
- glomerulonephritis
- malignant hypertension
- bleeding diathesis (anticoagulant treatment)
- ulcer at the urethral meatus
Uncommon causes:
- hydronephrosis
- polycystic disease
- transitional cell carcinoma
- renal adenocarcinoma or Wilm's tumour
Rare causes:
- polyarteritis nodosa, SLE, vasculitis, infective endocarditis
- atrial fibrillation - microemboli settling in the kidneys
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