Last reviewed dd mmm yyyy. Last edited dd mmm yyyy
All patients with typhoid and paratyphoid excrete the organisms at some stage during their illness
Chronic urinary carriage tends to only occur in the presence of urinary tract abnormalities, and in countries where schistosomiasis is endemic, this may be significant.
The V1 antibody is present in approximately 70% of carriers (at 1:5 dilution). This antibody occurs in only about 1% of the UK population.
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