external compression due to hypertensive or sclerotic changes in the central retinal artery in the optic nerve head
occlusion of the central retinal vein at its exit from the eye by raised intraocular pressure e.g. chronic glaucoma
venous stasis - increased viscosity e.g. dysproteinaemias, obstructive pulmonary disease; reduced blood pressure e.g. trauma, carotid artery occlusive disease, treatment for hypertension; reduced perfusion pressure from vasospasm of the central retinal artery
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