the integration of tonic contractions of the fundus
phasic contractions of the antrum
inhibitory forces of pyloric and duodenal contraction
contractions require a complex interaction between gastric smooth muscle, the enteric nervous system and specialized pacemaker cells, the interstitial cells of Cajal
gastric accommodation enables adaptation of the proximal stomach to a liquid or solid volume load, i.e. a meal
antral contractions are required for grinding and transport of the meal towards the pyloric sphincter
pyloric relaxation enables the titration of the grinded meal (chyme) into the duodenum and requires coordination of propulsive contractions in the stomach and duodenum
rate of gastric emptying is influenced by the composition of the ingested meal
non-nutrient liquids are emptied almost immediately, whereas nutrient liquids and solids empty after a period of retention (lag phase) in a non-linear manner and linear manner respectively
fat rich meals show a more prolonged emptying pattern, resulting from duodenal feedback mechanisms, in particular, cholecystokinin
motor dysfunction of the stomach may result from autonomic neuropathy, enteric neuropathy, abnormalities of ICCs, fluctuations in blood glucose and psychosomatic factors
several mechanisms are involved in the process of gastric emptying
these actions are highly dependent on adequate neuronal and hormonal feedback mechanisms
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