flow across valves and atrial or ventricular septal defects can be determined and quantified
cardiomegaly: the use of 2D echocardiography (a picture of a two-dimensional fan-shaped plane) may demonstrate focal and global hypokinesia, aneurysms, and pericardial effusions
vegetations and mural thrombi: these may be shown using echocardiography
muscular hypertrophy
morphology of valves and aortic root
severity from doppler measurement of velocity
aortic and mitral regurgitation - severity deduced from left ventricles and left atrium dimensions and size of regurgitant jet on colour flow mapping
aortic and mitral stenosis - severity deduced from velocity of blood flow across the valve
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