Examination
- general:
- appearance, e.g. cachexic - carcinoma, barrel chest - chronic bronchitis
- clubbing, e.g. lung cancer, bronchiectasis
- lymph nodes
- temperature
- cyanosis
- stridor - foreign body
- hands - nicotine, clubbing, flap, wasting - apical cancer - pulse rate
- respiratory rate
- breathing pattern - Cheyne-Stokes
- inspection - shape and symmetry of chest, movement of chest wall
- palpation - expansion, trachea, apex beat, vocal fremitus
- percussion - signs of consolidation - dull
- auscultation - bronchial breath sounds: consolidation, lung cavities - tuberculosis, aspergilloma; vocal resonance: increased over consolidation
Other factors, e.g. blood pressure, heart sounds.
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