the planning of treatment and monitoring of its effect
assessing prognosis
Indications include:
persistent proteinuria or haematuria that is associated with renal impairment, for example, as assessed by GFR
nephrotic syndrome in patients less than 1 year or above 10 years of age - for children of intermediate age, the cause is most likely to be minimal change nephropathy; as this responds to steroid treatment, the risks of biopsy are thought to outweigh the likely benefits of treatment
acute renal failure that persists for more than 4 weeks without any active markers of intrinsic renal disease
chronic renal failure with normal sized kidneys
the investigation of systemic disorders that affect the kidneys, for example, amyloidosis or systemic lupus erythematosus
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